New York State residents pay some of the highest local taxes in the nation. To help New Yorkers compare some of the basic fiscal measures for local governments, the Empire Center for Public Policy has calculated effective property tax rates and per-capita values for the spending, debt and tax levels of counties, cities, towns, villages and school districts1 throughout the state, excluding only New York City.
Derived from self-reported statistics gathered annually by the Office of the State Comptroller, the result is a database of measures that taxpayers can use as benchmarks for evaluating local governments.
Businesses have long known the benefits of benchmarking—measuring performance against standards set by competitors and peers. Benchmarks in isolation may say little about the quality of management or public services in different communities. However, by spotlighting differences and trends, the benchmarks in this report provide a framework for evaluation. And they provide goals for improvement for governments that need to compete more effectively to attract jobs and promote economic growth.
Our statewide findings, displayed in Table 1 on page 4, provide the highest benchmarks for the major categories of spending, taxes and debt. We further break down the findings by region and by small, medium and large jurisdictions. Here are just a few examples of what the data show:
- Among the five largest cities, Yonkers has the highest per-capita tax and per-capita debt burden. However, Rochester leads in per-capita spending, and Albany has the highest effective property tax rate.
- Broome County trumps all mid-sized county governments in spending per-capita, while Saratoga County stands out because it has both low spending and a low effective property tax rate.
- Oyster Bay, in Nassau County, is the highest taxed and most heavily indebted large town. Its per-capita debt is more than double the average of its peers.
- The five highest-spending villages are all located on Long Island, averaging $89,958 per person. Upstate villages spend comparatively low amounts but have high effective property tax rates.
To further empower taxpayers to dig beneath the summary numbers, we have created a searchable online tool, including categorical breakdowns of spending, for all 2,284 counties, towns, cities, villages and school districts. Benchmarking NY at SeeThroughNY.net lets users rank and compare spending, tax, and debt measures for local governments. With the 2017 fiscal year data, there are now eleven years of data to explore in Benchmarking NY.
It’s all (sometimes) relative
Considered on a statewide basis, the data reflect vast differences in the cost of living and in property values between upstate and downstate regions.2 Downstate communities have below-average effective property tax rates (but above-average per-capita taxes), while effective property tax rates tend to be highest upstate. Even allowing for such differences, grouping local governments by region and size reveals some significant differences among peers.
For example, the city of Binghamton spends over twice as much as the similarly-sized city of North Tonawanda. The Westchester County town of Bedford spends218 percent more per capita than the neighboring town of Somers. And in Central New York, the city of Oswego’s per-capita debt is nearly triple the amount reported by the city of Cortland, in the same region.
The data offer possible answers for such disparities (among other things, Jamestown operates a municipal electric utility service and Bedford spends heavily on public safety). Local officials can undoubtedly add some explanations of their own.
The purpose here is not to stigmatize, but to raise questions—and promote informed public discussion of the forces driving high local taxes in every corner of New York. The sluggish economic recovery in the aftermath of the Great Recession has only intensified the urgent need to reduce taxes at every level of government.
Governor Cuomo has focused on shared services and consolidation as a response to high local spending and taxes. To be sure, there are opportunities in this area, as the Empire Center has highlighted in two reports.3 The good news is that there already are many cases of service-sharing arrangements involving different government entities throughout the state. These arrangements can be expanded or serve as examples for more jurisdictions.
However, consolidations or service-sharing arrangements are not a panacea.4 It’s time to start seriously scrutinizing our local governments’ bottom lines. It’s time to demand appropriate actions to reduce costs, improve efficiency and make our communities more affordable and competitive. Benchmarking fiscal outcomes is a necessary first step towards achieving these goals.
Source: Office of State Comptroller, further calculations by the Empire Center for Public Policy.
On a per-capita basis, as shown above, towns have the lowest tax, debt and spending levels among local governments. Villages have the most debt, while counties collect the most in total taxes per capita—which reflects their control of sales taxes.
Methodology
Local governments and school districts report their expenditure, tax and debt data in annual reports compiled by the Office of the State Comptroller (OSC), which in turn posts the data online.
To allow for more meaningful comparisons, the Empire Center recalculates the OSC data on taxes, debt and spending as per-capita values—i.e., relative to population. Property tax burdens are recalculated as effective rates, based on OSC estimates of assessed property values converted to full value based on equalization rates. Local governments also are organized into population size bands—small, medium and large—based on population. Finally, they are grouped by economic development region.
A searchable database of tax and spending benchmarks for villages, towns, cities and counties has been posted at SeeThroughNY.net/benchmarking.
The database allows users to generate a single benchmark report; a comparison of several local governments; or a ranking of local governments for different measures of taxes, debt and expenditures. Users can also download the complete spreadsheets used to generate the reports.
1Because population breakdowns are not available for school districts and special districts, they are excluded.
2Compare local governments using the Benchmarking web app at SeeThroughNY.net/benchmarking
3EmpireCenter.org/empire-ideas
4See, for example, Cox, Wendell Government Efficiency: The Case for Local Control. Albany, New York: The Association of Towns of the State of New York (2008).